Publications

ABSTRACT The premonitory governance of the Supreme Court of India under Article 143 of the Constitution is a unique constitutional medium that allows the President to seek the court’s opinion on questions of law or fact of public significance. While the framers intended this provision to grease coordination between the superintendent and the bar in complex indigenous matters, the binding nature of similar premonitory opinions has remained contested. …

Presidential References under the Constitution: An Examination of Their Precedential Authority Read More »

Abstract  Folklore and traditional cultural expressions (TCEs) represent the heritage of communities, which reflects their identity, history and creativity. In the digital age, these expressions face risks of misappropriation and commercialization due to the ease of reproduction, dissemination and adaptation. Although intellectual property (IP) regimes such as copyright, designs and geographical indications provide some kind …

Copyright and Folklore in the Digital Age: Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage from Misappropriation and Commercial Exploitation Read More »

Abstract  The concept of a hostile witness is one of the most debated doctrines in Indian evidence law, now codified under Section 157 of the Bharatiya Sakshaya Adhiniyam, 2023. A witness, often regarded as the eyes and ears of the court, is expected to provide reliable testimony that aids in the discovery of truth. However, …

TITLE: WITNESS GONE ADVERSE: THE HOSTILE WITNESS DOCTRINE IN THE BHARATIYA SAKSHAYA ADHINIYAM  Read More »

Abstract  Indian cinema is the epitome of expression; it’s not just movies and songs but a vast variety of art forms. The art is as diverse as the country, with the passage of time and trends, there have been significant changes and adoption of regulations as to what is “suitable” for the audience to watch …

FILM CENSORSHIP AND GENDER STEREOTYPING: A CONSTITUTIONAL DILEMMA IN INDIA Read More »

The fast development of artificial intelligence (AI) poses new questions in intellectual property law, which is especially problematic concerning inventorship by humans rather than machines and whether AI creations could ever be considered patentable inventions. Traditional patent regimes expect inventorship from a human person, which raises questions about whether autonomous inventions created by machines can …

PATENTABILITY OF AI-GENERATED INVENTIONS AND OWNERSHIP OF MACHINE-CREATED WORKS Read More »

TABLE OF CONTENTS Sr. No. INDEX Page No. 1. ABSTRACT 1-1 2. INTRODUCTION 1-2 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2-3 3.  REVIEW OF LITERATURE 3-3 3. ARREST UNDER INDIAN LAW 4-7 4. LAW COMMISSION REPORT AND JUDICIAL PRECEDENTS 7-9 5. RECOMMENDATIONS  9-11 6. CONCLUSION 12-12 This paper is a critical evaluation of the practice of using powers …

Law Commission Recommendations and Statutory Reforms: Addressing the Persistent Misuse of Arrest Powers Read More »

ABSTRACT The growing privatization of the activities carried out in the outer space has required the establishment of integrated legal and policy frameworks around the world. India, despite its spectacular successes in the field in the form of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), has fallen behind in the development of a sound statutory framework …

DRAFT SPACE ACTIVITIES BILL, 2017 DURING THE AGE OF PRIVATIZATION: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS AGAINST THE SPACE POLICY OF INDIA 2023 AND IN-SPACe Read More »

Why Supreme Court reject the plea for the application of PoSH in Political Parties? ABSTRACT: We often talk about a gender-neutral world, where everyone can participate freely without fear. Yet, when it comes to Politics, women are still vulnerable to various threats like that as sexual harassment. Despite the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace …

POLITICS WITHOUT PROTECTION:  Why Supreme Court reject the plea for the application of PoSH in Political Parties? Read More »

ABSTRACT   Gig workers are someone who make money by doing short term , flexible jobs generally through digital platforms like Uber, Swiggy, Zomato without having a proper employer – employee relationship. There has been significant increase in gig workers throughout various countries worldwide. By offering a flexible on demand employment through digital platform, the gig …

REGULATING THE GIG ECONOMY: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LABOUR RIGHTS AND LEGAL REFORMS IN INDIA AND UNITED KINGDOM Read More »

Ms. Bhoomika Mishra ** Abstract: Custodial violence and human rights violations against tribal communities in India represent a grave challenge to the nation’s constitutional commitment to equality, dignity, and justice. Despite legal safeguards such as the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 and constitutional provisions under Articles 15, 17, and 21, …

CUSTODIAL VIOLENCE AND HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS OF TRIBAL PEOPLE IN INDIA Read More »

Abstract: The accelerating pace of climate change has triggered an unprecedented wave of human displacement across borders. Rising sea levels, desertification, extreme weather events, and resource depletion are forcing vulnerable populations to leave their homes in search of safety and livelihood. Yet, the legal framework governing refugee protection remains grounded in the historical context of …

CLIMATE REFUGEES AND INTERNATIONAL LAW: LEGAL PROTECTION IN THE AGE OF DISPLACEMENT Read More »

Sumanta Ghosh ABSTRACT Artificial Intelligence is no longer only a technical tool; it is now entering the space of creativity which was once thought to be exclusively human. In music, painting, literature or film, AI systems are producing works that are difficult to separate from human imagination. This creates a dilemma for copyright law, which …

Copyright and Creative Rights: Legal Dilemmas of Artists in the Age of Artificial Intelligence Read More »

Abstract The relationship between registration and ownership in Indian property law has long been a contested issue, with significant implications for buyers, sellers, and the stability of land transactions. While earlier judicial interpretations and popular understanding often equated registration with ownership, the Supreme Court in K. Gopi v. Sub-Registrar (2025) reaffirmed that registration is merely …

Title: Registration is Not Ownership: Re-examining Buyer’s Due Diligence in Light of Supreme Court’s Ruling in K. Gopi v. Sub-Registrar (2025) Read More »

ABSTRACT: The increasing number of stray dogs in India’s urban areas, especially in the Delhi-National Capital Region (NCR), has set off heated arguments on issues of public safety, animal welfare, and city government. This paper discusses the Supreme Court of India’s involvement in moulding urban animal control policy, with the case of stray dogs in …

“The Supreme Court of India’s Role in Urban Animal Control: A Case Study of the Stray Dog Issue in Delhi-NCR” Read More »

Abstract The Uniform Civil Code (UCC) has been one of the most contested and debated reforms in Indian constitutional discourse. Rooted in Article 44 of the Directive Principles of State Policy, the idea of a uniform code governing marriage, divorce, succession, adoption, and inheritance across religious communities has historically faced both political and social resistance. …

Uttarakhand Uniform Civil Code, 2024: Constitutional, Social, and Legal Analysis Read More »

______________________________________________________________________________ Abstract: This paper critically evaluates the effectiveness of Lok Adalats in delivering justice to the underprivileged in India. Established under Article 39A of the Constitution and the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, Lok Adalats were designed to provide accessible, speedy, and cost-free dispute resolution. While they have resolved millions of cases and reduced judicial …

Effectiveness of Lok Adalats in Ensuring Justice for the Underprivileged: A Critical Legal Study Read More »

Abstract This research paper critically examines the legal and social challenges arising from setting the age of sexual consent at 18 years under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012. Drawing on case laws, empirical studies, and reports, the study highlights how consensual sexual relationships among adolescents aged 16–18 are frequently criminalized. …

REASSESSING THE AGE OF SEXUAL CONSENT IN INDIA: LEGAL AND SOCIAL CHALLENGES UNDER POCSO Read More »

1 First year B.A.LL.B student at Jamia Millia Islamia Abstract India’s approach to international military alliances has been shaped by its historical legacy, strategic autonomy, and evolving geopolitical dynamics. Since achieving independence, India has exhibited caution in entering formal military alliances, emphasizing non-alignment and flexibility in its foreign policy. This article examines India’s position on …

India’s Position on International Military Alliances Author: Arida Hassan1 Read More »

Abstract Custodial deaths defined as deaths occurring while a person is in the custody of the police or judiciary remain one of the most alarming and persistent human rights concerns in India. Such incidents not only erode faith in the justice system but also directly violate the constitutional guarantee of life and liberty under Article …

Custodial Deaths in India: A Human Rights Perspective Read More »

Abstract Resolving disputes between governments and providing advisory opinions on legal matters are the responsibilities assigned to the International Court of Justice, which was founded in 1945 as the main judicial body of the UN. This paper examines the ICJ’s function and efficacy in resolving international conflicts amicably. Although the Court’s groundbreaking rulings in Nicaragua …

International Court of Justice – The Role and Effectiveness of ICJ in Peaceful Settlement of Disputes Read More »

Abstract  Market manipulation is a bleak threat to trends in the integrity, transparency and efficiency of securities markets. Even in countries such as India, with a robust regulating legal framework of the sort of the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 (SEBI Act), the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 (SCRA) and the rules …

Market Manipulation and Securities Law: A Comparative Analysis of SEBI’s Regulatory Framework and the Jane Street Controversy Read More »

Abstract This paper examines the scope and limitations of the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 in addressing the case of design imitation, with reference to the Kolhapuri Chappals and the Prada Sandals Controversy. The Kolhapuri Chappals, a traditional handcrafted leather footwear from Kolhapur, Maharashtra, was granted a Geographical Indication (GI) tag …

Geographical Indication Protection and Design Imitation: A Critical Analysis with Reference to Kolhapuri Chappals Read More »

Abstract Deepfake technology is powered by artificial intelligence and rapidly changing how we create images, videos, and audio. While it has possibilities for creativity and innovation, the malicious non-consensual use particularly in the form of non-consensual sexual imagery, has raised important concerns for privacy, dignity, and autonomy in India. Current legal frameworks in India, eg; …

Deepfakes, Consent, and the Law: Bridging India’s Legal Gaps in the Age of Generative AI Read More »

Abstract In the contemporary digital landscape, content creation has evolved into a significant profession, transcending traditional notions of entertainment and fame. This shift has made social media an integral part of everyday life, serving as a platform for income generation, information dissemination, and social awareness. As content creators wield substantial influence over audiences, they are …

LEGAL RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF CONTENT CREATORS             Read More »

ABSTRACT This research paper explores the constitutional mandates and policy interventions that shape animal welfare in India. It analyzes the relevant constitutional provisions, including Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties, and examines key legislation such as the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960, and the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. The study highlights significant judicial pronouncements …

ANIMAL WELFARE IN INDIA: CONSTITUTIONAL MANDATES AND POLICY INTERVENTIONS Read More »

Abstract The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into state functions has revolutionized surveillance practices. However this is a cause of raising fundamental questions about digital privacy and constitutional rights. In India, the new Telecommunications Act, 2023[1]  replaces the colonial-era Indian Telegraph Act, 1885, expanding the government’s regulatory and surveillance powers in the digital domain. It …

AI-Driven State Surveillance and Digital Privacy in India: A Critical Analysis of the Telecommunications Act, 2023 Read More »

Abstract This research examines the human rights protections available to individuals affected by extreme rare diseases, defined as conditions affecting fewer than 1 in 500,000 people globally. Through a comprehensive analysis of international human rights frameworks, national legislation, and empirical evidence, this study identifies significant gaps in protection mechanisms for this vulnerable population. The research …

Human Rights Protections for Individuals with Extreme Rare Diseases Read More »

ABSTRACT This research paper’s major aim is to explore Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code (Now Section 85 of the Bhartiya Nyaya Sanhita), Originally designed as a shield for women facing dowry and harassment and domestic cruelty, however present scenario has lead to examine the correlation between Section’s implementation patterns with  emerging male mortality …

THE PARADOX OF PROTECTION: MALE MORTALITY PATTERNS IN INDIA’S 498A IMPLEMENTATION (2020-2025) Read More »

The Paradox of Child Marriage Abstract  The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, establishes that a valid marriage requires both capacity and consent. Yet, the continuing practice of child marriage in india exposes a deep paradox, while the law insists on free and informed consent, children are denied the ability to make such choices. This tension reflects …

Capacity and Consent in Marriage under Hindu law:  Read More »

ABSTRACT The idea of corporate personhood has influenced company law for more than a century. It gives corporations a legal identity that is distinct from their shareholders. Traditionally recognized under Salomon v. Salomon & Co. Ltd. in English law and codified in India through the Companies Act, 2013, this principle enables corporations to own property, …

CORPORATE PERSONHOOD IN THE DIGITAL AGE: EXAMINING THE LEGAL STATUS OF VIRTUAL ENTITIES Read More »

The doctrine of ultra vires restricts a company to acts authorized by its Memorandum of Association, originally designed to protect shareholders and creditors. While effective in theory, its rigid application often hindered business flexibility, prejudiced third parties, and allowed management to exploit technicalities. Judicial decisions in England (Ashbury Railway Carriage, Great Eastern Railway) and India …

Abstract Read More »

ABSTRACT Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming the financial services sector in India including credit underwriting, robo‑advisory, fraud detection, collections, and customer service. Even with the promises of efficiency, scale and increased financial inclusion, these technologies pose significant legal and regulatory risks. Foremost amongst these are issues of consumer protection, privacy, discrimination, algorithmic transparency, resilience …

FROM COURTROOM TO CODE: LEGAL CHALLENGES IN AI- DRIVEN FINANCIAL SERVICES IN INDIA Read More »

Conflict between Transparency & Privacy  YOGITA KASHYAP BA.LLB (HONS.) STUDENT, MAHARAJA SURAJMAL INSTITUTE (MSI)  ABSTRACT The convergence of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (DPDP Act), and the Right to Information Act, 2005 (RTI Act) represents a critical moment in India’s democratic and digital governance. At stake is the reconciliation of two essential principles: …

Intersection of DPDP Act and Right to Information (RTI): Conflict between Transparency & Privacy Read More »

INTRODUCTION This present paper is proposing to create distinction between debt and equity in relation to financial instruments. The main purpose to create distinction between these two terms is to conceptually understand the rights, obligations, and duties of shareholders and to protect the interests of investors. The differentiation is conducted not only for a systematic …

THE LEGAL DISTINCTION BETWEEN DEBT AND EQUITY: JUDICIAL TRENDS AND DOCTRINAL CLARITY IN INDIA Read More »

ABSTRACTS This study explores how POCSO addresses adolescent relationships, particularly the legal treatment of consensual interactions and international child protection laws, emphasizing the criminalization of consensual relationships. It also clarifies adolescent psychological and developmental concerns, and analyzes the application of POCSO by courts in consensual adolescent relationships. The study also compares international approaches and highlights …

Adolescent Relationships under the POCSO ACT- Between Protection and Criminalization Read More »

Abstract With increasing industry sector, the IP field is growing in a faster pace due to technological advancements. This paper highly focuses on how Intellectual Property Law includes the protection of non-traditional subject matter under various IP regimes such as Trade Marks, Copyright, Patent and Designs. It highlights the olfactory marks under Trademark Act in …

Protection Of ‘Smells and Scents’ Under Intellectual Property Law. Read More »

ABSTRACT In India, Food Adulteration is a critical and chronic public health problem that threatens the safety and security of consumers and the consumer trust in governmental organizations. The effective functioning of the legal system continues to be constrained by problems regarding implementation, incompetent administrative process, and prolonged proceedings in courts, despite the presence of …

‘Food Adulteration and Public Health: Legal Remedies and Limitations under Indian Law’ Read More »

All civil governments hold a criminal justice system to maintain the values of their civilized society. The role of the police is decisive because the policeman is the first to arrive at the scene of the crime. Police, first and foremost, work extensively to maintain discipline and prevent crime, make preventive arrests, conduct investigations, and …

Police Caters a Crucial Factor in An Effective Indian Criminal Justice Mechanism Read More »

1. ABSTRACT: The creation of Business Responsibility reporting standards and a review of the current level of ESG disclosure by Indian firms are the main topics of this research, which looks at the evolution of ESG compliance in India. ESG considerations are becoming essential for long-term business value beyond financial measurements, driven by rising investor …

Environmental, Social & Governance (ESG) Compliance: A Legal and Corporate Perspective Read More »

Abstract With increasing industry sector, the IP field is growing in a faster pace due to technological advancements. This paper highly focuses on how Intellectual Property Law includes the protection of non-traditional subject matter under various IP regimes such as Trade Marks, Copyright, Patent and Designs. It highlights the olfactory marks under Trademark Act in …

Protection Of ‘Smells and Scents’ Under Intellectual Property Law. Read More »

ABSTRACT In the last ten years, Indian courts have started recognizing parts of nature—like rivers, forests, animals, and even “Mother Nature”—as legal persons. This means they are given rights and responsibilities like a human or a company. This paper looks at the idea of giving nature legal rights. It studies important court decisions, laws, and …

TITLE:- Environmental Personhood in India: Can Forests or Rivers Hold Legal Rights? Read More »

ABSTRACT The Indian legal framework dealing with recognition and registration of well-known trademarks is of great importance and needs to be strictly applied for brand protection, especially at present when the world has shifted to digital era. In India, the trademark registration is governed by the Trade Marks Act, 1999[1] and the Trade Marks Rules, …

FROM RECOGNITION TO REGISTRATION: ANALYZING INDIA’S LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR WELL-KNOWN TRADEMARKS IN THE DIGITAL AGE. Read More »

Abstract India’s legal system, though rooted in constitutional ideals, still carries strong patriarchal (male-dominated) biases. This paper explores how these gendered norms—woven through caste, class, religion, and law—show up in criminal and family laws, court procedures, and judicial decisions. We look at key areas like rape laws, the marital rape exception, adultery, inheritance, domestic violence, …

 A License to Abuse? Unpacking Patriarchy’s Grip on India’s Justice System Read More »

ABSTRACT- The death penalty is a form of capital punishment, as it involves the execution of the offender. In India, a lot of controversy has been raised about the death penalty. They debate whether it prevents heinous crimes or whether it is a fundamental violation of human rights. This analysis digs into the multifaceted dimensions …

CAPITAL PUNISHMENT IN INDIA: BALANCING JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS Read More »