The “Silent” ETOs: Can a State Be Responsible for Omissions Outside Its Borders?
Abstract As the Metaverse evolves into a fully immersive digital ecosystem, a key question arises that, Can human rights exist in a space without physical borders, sovereignty, or jurisdiction? This paper argues that virtual spaces do not constitute real territories under international law, making extraterritorial human rights obligations (ETOs) inapplicable to states. International courts, including …
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