Prabhanshu Kushwah, Student of LLM, Amity Law School, Amity University Madhya Pradesh, Gwalior.

Abstract

The expansion of India’s internet, digital platforms and Internet of Things (IOT) has contributed to a significant increase in online scams and cyber frauds. As more and more people are using online financial and communication tools, and online shopping, fraudsters are coming up with new schemes to trick bankers, investors and job seekers alike, including phishing, fake investment schemes and the creation of job offers. This paper focusses on analysing the rising issue of online scams in India and analysing the legal challenges in controlling online scams. It also examines the current legislation and consumer protection provisions that are intended to protect consumers in the digital sphere. The study points to real-life challenges that arise, including investigations taking a long time, users being unaware of the crime, offenders going undetected, and cross-border cybercrime. There are some basic laws, such as the Information Technology Act, 2000, and the Consumer Protection Act, 2019 to handle such cases, but their effectiveness relies mainly on the implementation of these laws. In conclusion the paper suggests that the consumer protection and the impact of online scams on consumers in India can be enhanced by strengthening the enforcement, improving coordination between various agencies and increasing the awareness of the public.

Keywords: –

Online Scams, Cyber Fraud, Consumer Protection, Information Technology, Digital Fraud, E-commerce Fraud, Data Protection, Digital Consumer Protection

1)    Introduction: –

Over the past couple of years, India has experienced a tremendous digital revolution and more and more people have embraced digital modes of doing things, ranging from banking to shopping, learning to communication, and much more. That has simplified life, but with a warning – online scams and cyber fraud have been introduced. From fake ads, phishing calls and

links in emails, to social media sites, fraudsters have been able to trick many of the user, especially first-time digital users, out of money or personal information. With the rise in digital transactions, the number of these incidents has also risen and online scams are a big problem for people and authorities.¹

To address these concerns, laws like the Information Technology Act, 2000 and Consumer Protection Act, 2019 have been enacted to provide a legal framework for combating cybercrime and protecting the rights of consumers. However, even with these actions there are many issues to be resolved relating to enforcement and awareness and tracking. In such a situation, the study of the nature of online scams, understanding of the lawsuits being faced and how effective the existing consumer protection mechanisms are in protecting consumers in the growing digital sphere in India is important.²

In order to tackle these challenges, India has enacted legislations and regulatory processes like the Information Technology Act, 2000 and the Consumer Protection Act, 2019. There are also a few government agencies and cybercrime portals that have been created to receive complaints and enhance cyber security. Despite these initiatives, there are many legal and practical obstacles that still exist, including the enforcement of laws and regulations, lack of awareness, slow investigation of cases, and problems finding offenders from different jurisdictions. The main aim of the present study is to critically examine the phenomenon online scams in India and to analyse the legal challenges in the process of combating the online scams and evaluate the effectiveness of consumer protection mechanism in the cyberspace.³

Online scam is one of the greatest cyber threat in India. Impersonations involve fooling people and asking for personal information that can be used for identity theft, such as banking information, passwords, OTPs, etc., by posing as a legitimate entity via phone call, message, email, fake websites, and social media accounts. A large number of users, especially those who are not tech-savvy, get duped by phishing, fake jobs offers, investment fraud and online shopping scams. The complaints of cyber frauds in India have grown considerably in the past few years,

¹ Chawla, Neelam, and Basanta Kumar. “E-commerce and consumer protection in India: the emerging trend.” Journal of Business Ethics 180, no. 2 (2022): 581-604.

² Vishwakarma, Shalinee, and Karan Goyal. “Data Security and Consumer Trust: A Legal Examination of Online Consumer Protection Regulations in the Indian Context.” In Law, Economy, and Society: Insights into Legal and Economic Issues in India, pp. 29-41. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2025.

³ Kumar, Atul. “Consumer Protection Law in India: Challenges and Prospects in the Digital Age.” Advances in Consumer Research 2, no. 4 (2025).

indicating the advancement and organisation of online fraud. These crimes can inflict harm, financial and otherwise, and cause users to distrust and fear electronic platforms and conduct.⁴

2)    Understanding Rise of Online Scams in India: –

The rise and nature of such online scams in India is frequently overlooked. The rise and nature of such online scams in India is often neglected. The increasing prevalence of online scams in India is parallel to the surge in internet connectivity and digital transactions. In the past decade, millions of people have begun to use their smartphones, social media apps, online apps for paying bills, and ecommerce sites. Services are more convenient and accessible as a result of this digital expansion, but the opportunity for cyber fraud has also grown. As long as there are weak digital awareness and technological weaknesses, cybercriminals can find new ways to target those that use the internet. With increasing reliance on the online world in today’s society for financial and personal transactions, online scams are becoming more prevalent and ubiquitous in the nation.⁵

This is closely tied to the surge in online activity and digital services in India. More and more is now done online, and with the rise of smartphones, digital payment systems and social media platforms, this is increasingly happening. This has made it easier to use and more convenient but also led to opportunities for cybercriminals to exploit users through other means of scams. Phishing emails and messages, fake e-commerce sites, fraudulent investment schemes, lottery scams and job-related scams are examples of common types of online fraud. Often times, these fraudsters pretend to be representatives of banks, government agencies, or trusted companies to establish trust with the victims and then request that they provide their OTP, password, or banking information.⁶

The other reason is that users, particularly in remote and semi-urban areas, are not yet fully literate on the internet, which means they are not well-versed on how to avoid these scams. A lot of individuals aren’t informed enough about fraud and can easily be fooled by the easy tricks

⁴ Kerti, Rents Maharaini. “Consumer protection in the digital economy: A legal analysis of e-commerce practices and regulatory challenges.” Lex Localis 23, no. 10 (2025): 776-786.

⁵ Goel, Archana, Utkal Khandelwal, and Jayalakshmy Ramachandran. “Three decades of consumer protection literature: Systematic review and future research agenda.” Journal of Creative Communications (2025): 09732586251336493.

⁶ Nanjundan, Preethi, Blesson Varghese James, Arushi Sharma, and Aryan Gupta. “Rising Concerns: Cybercrime & Financial Fraud in the Indian Context.” In AI-Driven Competitive Intelligence and Next-Generation Security, pp. 233-

248. Bentham Science Publishers, 2025.

fraudsters use to deceive them. Moreover, sophisticated technology like fake social profiles, auto-generated calls, and fraudulent websites have made these scams more believable and difficult to spot. Cybercriminals are constantly evolving, and it is hard for users and security authorities to stay up to date on new threats.

Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic helped to increase online scams as more services moved online and people became more reliant on digital platforms. The sudden surge in online usage was a perfect opportunity for fraudsters to take advantage. The increasing prevalence of online scams underscores the importance of greater awareness, enhanced security networks, and robust enforcement measures to safeguard consumers navigating the digital landscape in India.⁷

3)    Legal Framework Governing Online Scams in India: –

In response to the online scams and cyber frauds, the government of India has passed laws, mainly the Information Technology Act, 2000, and criminal laws. The main legislation pertaining to electronic transactions and cyber offences and digital security is the IT Act. Includes unauthorized access, identity theft, personation and use of computer resources. These parts are typically employed in phishing, hacking and online fraud instances. In addition to this, general criminal laws also apply and crimes like cheating, fraud and criminal breach of trust can be penalised under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023.⁸

The Government has undertaken a number of initiatives to make the system stronger, including the National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal which enables the victims to easily report online fraud. Furthermore, Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre has been set up as one of the institutions to boost coordination between various agencies and improve the overall response to Cybercrime. The process will help to speed and ease the reporting process for the public.⁹

However, despite these laws and institutions, there are a number of problems in their implementation. There are not many reported cases because they might not be known or the time lapse between the time of the offense and investigation or prosecution may reduce the recovery.

⁷ Gupta, P. K., and Sanjeev Gupta. “Corporate frauds in India–perceptions and emerging issues.” Journal of Financial Crime 22, no. 1 (2015): 79-103.

⁸ Bhangla, Apoorva, and Jahanvi Tuli. “A study on cyber crime and its legal framework in India.” Issue 2 Int’l JL Mgmt. & Human. 4 (2021): 493.

⁹ Kashyap, Amit Kumar, and Mahima Chaudhary. “Cyber security laws and safety in e-commerce in India.” Law & Safety (2023): 207.

But cybercrime is also always changing, making it difficult to maintain laws up to date. The overall legal framework offers a basic framework to combat online scams; however, its effectiveness relies on effective enforcement, public awareness and constant updates to ensure it reflects technological progress.

The Consumer Protection Act, 2019 also has a significant role to play in consumer protection against unfair trade practices in the digital environment. Identifies e-commerce transactions and imposes some obligations on online platforms and sellers. If a consumer is a victim of fraudulent Internet practices, he or she can seek relief under this statute. Even though these legal measures exist, there remain a number of issues that make the measures ineffective. Victims often don’t know what remedies are available to them; investigations are often slow and cybercriminals are frequently located in unknown or foreign countries. This means that despite having a framework for dealing with online scams, its implementation and enforcement are significant challenges in India. ¹⁰

4)    Legal Challenges in Preventing and Controlling Online Scams: –

There are a number of legal and practical challenges to enforcing online scams in India making it difficult to control such scams. The anonymity of cybercriminals is one of the key issues. Enforcement officials struggle to link fake identities with the individuals behind the frauds, which is typically because the fraudsters use a fake name, a temporary cell phone number and many bank accounts. Often scams are run in other states, or even overseas, which can cause jurisdictional problems and slow down the process of taking legal action. Investigating cybercrime is more challenging because it is a cross-border affair and multiple agencies must coordinate the investigation.¹¹

A further difficulty is the lack of technical expertise and resources in the police. With the sophistication of online scams, old-school investigative techniques may not be enough to effectively respond to them. Cybercriminals have a wide variety of tools at their disposal, communicate through encryption, and employ ever-evolving techniques that make it hard for

¹⁰ Sarda, Shivangi, Swapnil Sharma, and Raneeta Pal. “Consumer Protection Regulation in Light of E-Commerce and Product Liability.” Issue 2 Indian JL & Legal Rsch. 4 (2022): 1.

¹¹ Aljadhay, Ali, and Mohammed bin Fahad. “LEGAL CHALLENGES IN CONFRONTING INTERNET FRAUD CRIMES IN THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA.” Lex Localis: Journal of Local Self-Government 23 (2025).

authorities to catch up. Plus, legal delays frequently also impact the likelihood of recovering lost funds and may dissuade victims from continuing with the case all the way to court.¹²

The public is also not aware of legal remedies and reporting mechanisms. Many victims have no idea where to turn for help or that any legal action they take will ever help them. This exacerbates underreporting, and further weakens the system. Furthermore, as technology advances, current laws are not always able to catch up, leaving room for fraudulent practices. The challenges indicate that although the laws are in place, they need to be implemented more effectively with resources, process speed and coordination that are needed to address the increasing issue of online scams.¹³

Cooperation between countries is slow and limited in many instances, making Cross-border cybercrime a complicating factor. Besides, a huge number of users of the internet in India puts strain on the enforcement agencies and makes it hard to respond to all the complaints promptly. The issues highlighted here demonstrate the need for greater enforcement of legal provisions, technological support and inter-agency coordination to effectively tackle the surge of online scams in India.¹⁴

5)    Consumer Protection Mechanisms Against Online Scams in India: –

In order to finding out the rising menace of online fraud, India has enacted some measures aimed at safeguarding consumers, both in the form of legislation and institutions. The Consumer Protection Act 2019 is vital consumer protection laws, which cover online consumers. It recognises the significance of ecommerce as an important part of customer engagement and outlines security and protection from unfair trading practices, misleading advertising and fraud. Consumer forums are laid down to provide relatively easy and easily accessible remedies to consumers, in case they fall for an online scam.¹⁵

¹² Leong, Wai Yie, Yuan Zhi Leong, and Wai San Leong. “Strategies for identifying online scams.” In 2024 Asian Conference on Communication and Networks (ASIANComNet), pp. 1-6. IEEE, 2024.

¹³ Islam, Marufa. “Digital Scams in Online Market-Place: A Critical Analysis of Legal Implication.” PhD diss., East West University, 2022.

¹⁴ Kumar, Sandeep, and Aman Sonkar. “Legal Challenges and Consumer Protections in India’s Digital Lending Landscape.” Motherhood International Journal of Research & Innovation 2, no. 01 (2025): 41-49.

¹⁵ Pattanayak, Monalisa, A. Udaya Shankar, Evelina Brajesh Sahay, M. S. Kamalaveni, and K. Jayapriya. “CONSUMER PROTECTION LAWS IN THE DIGITAL ERA: CHALLENGES & FUTURE TRENDS.” Lex Localis 23, no. S5 (2025): 3063-3073.

Apart from the law, Government has created different websites such as the National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal (NCCRP) on which victims can file online fraud reports. Financial institutions and banks are also rolling out security protocols like OTP verification, transaction alerts and fraud detection to prevent fraudulent transactions. In some cases, fraudulent transactions and loss of money can be prevented by promoting prompt reporting. But there are some disadvantages even with these mechanisms.

However, these protections are not very effective as many consumers are not aware of their rights or the remedies available to them. Forcing victims to wait to file a complaint and for it to be considered for resolution may further deter victims. Also, there is no effective coordination between the various agencies such as the police, banks, consumer forums etc. which can cause delay in solving the issue. Therefore, the level of awareness, accessibility and effectiveness of consumer protection against online scams is a need in India and consumer protection could be a starting point.¹⁶

In addition to legal measures, the government has established some online complaint systems and cybercrime reporting platforms to help the victim of an online scam. The National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal is an online portal developed in which citizens can report any Cyber-crime and call for assistance from the police authorities. Other measures which banks and digital payment platforms have implemented to reduce the chances of online fraud are the implementation of OTP verification, alerts for transactions, systems for fraud detection and customer support services. The measures will help consumers to better protect themselves and gain more confidence in online transactions. But, a few lacunas still exist in the consumer protection mechanism in India. Many users, especially in rural areas and less technologically advanced regions, don’t know how to report cybercrime and how to take legal action.¹⁷

The grievance redressed is also slow and ineffective as the banks are not prompt and take a long time for grievance redressed, there is no coordination between cyber cells and grievance authorities. Unfortunately, this is not the case for some victims, who are unable to recover the funds even after reporting the fraud. Moreover, technology continues to change rapidly and some of the new scams may not be addressed by a particular technology. Thus, although India has

¹⁶ Chandra, Navneet, and Raj Kumar Yadav. “Evolution of E-commerce and Consumer Protection Laws in India.” MDU Law Journal 32 (2024).

¹⁷ Krishnan, S., and Garima Dhaka. “Critical Analysis of Consumer Protection with Regards to E-Commerce and Laws.” Loy. Consumer L. Rev. 34 (2022): 1.

made significant strides to protect consumers in the digital realm, ongoing efforts are needed to increase awareness, enforcement, and institutional effectiveness to provide greater consumer protection against online scams.¹⁸

6)    Comparative Legal Perspective on Online Scam Regulation: –

A comparison of the systems in other countries can help to understand the areas of strength and weakness in India’s systems. This is because many countries have done a much better job of addressing cyber fraud using more organized, and technology-driven, methods in developed nations. For instance, in the European Union there are robust data protection and consumer protection laws and enforcement bodies with severe penalties for companies and individuals which commit fraud. They also give a lot of resources to their cybersecurity infrastructure and public awareness campaigns, reducing the likelihood of online scams.¹⁹

Cybercrime is a multi-agency issue in the United States with dedicated agencies dedicated to fraud detection, investigation, and the protection of consumers. Special monitoring systems and rapid response mechanisms enable authorities to respond more swiftly in cases of online scams. India has advanced with laws and reporting mechanisms versus these systems, however, enforcement, coordination and technological abilities are still missing.

The Indian approach is still evolving and has a basic framework of law and institutions in place but is still a bit underdeveloped and cannot be said to be as advanced as other countries in the world. Taking analysis from global examples, like enhanced inter-agency coordination, adoption of advanced technology, and increased awareness creation, can enhance India’s capacity to handle online scams. To achieve a safer digital user space, progress must be made in both the law and implementation.²⁰

¹⁸ Goel, Archana, Utkal Khandelwal, and Jayalakshmy Ramachandran. “Three decades of consumer protection literature: Systematic review and future research agenda.” Journal of Creative Communications (2025): 09732586251336493.

¹⁹ Shete, Navnath Lahu, Manisha Maddel, and Zarina Shaikh. “A comparative analysis of cybersecurity scams: Unveiling the evolution from past to present.” In 2024 IEEE 9th International Conference for Convergence in Technology (I2CT),

pp. 1-8. IEEE, 2024.

²⁰ Laxmi, Mrs P. Soumya Sree. “CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS OF CONSUMER PROTECTION IN A DIGITAL ERA.”

When compared to other nations, it is seen that many nations have focused and stringent strategies to defuse online scams and cyber fraud. The developed countries such as the United States, UK and the members of the European Union have cyber security systems that are more advanced, special departments for cyber-crime and very strict laws and regulations are present to protect consumers. For example, the European Union has strict data protection and consumer protection legislation which place significant requirements on digital platforms and service providers. These countries have harsh penalties and speedy legislation regarding cybercrime, thus dissuading negative online conduct.²¹

The U.S. government has several agencies to combat online fraud and to assist consumers in combating cybercrime. Financial institutions and technology companies must also adhere to strict cybersecurity measures and promptly notify the authorities in case of a data breach or suspicious activity. Regular public awareness programmes and digital literacy programmes are taking place, informing users of the safe use of online services and fraud prevention. Likewise, there are nations such as Singapore and Australia that have established robust cybercrime policies, as well as dedicated members for cyber investigation who are able to act swiftly when it comes to the nature of a cyber-offence.²²

On its part, India is much lagging behind in terms of legislation and consumer protection, but has made considerable strides in this area, there are some implementation and enforcement challenges to be overcome. The problem is complicated in India due to its high population, high use of internet and digital literacy among the people. Users’ awareness is a problem; the Information Technology Act, 2000 and Consumer Protection Act, 2019 provides legal support, but there are problems of technical know-how, slow investigation. International practices are being learned and cooperation is increased.²³

7)    Suggestions and Reforms for Strengthening Consumer Protection: –

²¹ Rahman, Khandaker Farzana, Hee Jhee Jiow, and Brenda Lee. “Preventing Crimes of Online Scams Across Countries: A Comparative Study Between Bangladesh and Singapore.” Social Science Review 42, no. 1 (2025): 45-62.

²² Shete, Navnath Lahu, Manisha Maddel, and Zarina Shaikh. “A comparative analysis of cybersecurity scams: Unveiling the evolution from past to present.” In 2024 IEEE 9th International Conference for Convergence in Technology (I2CT),

pp. 1-8. IEEE, 2024.

²³ Jain, Ankit Kumar, Somya Ranjan Sahoo, and Jyoti Kaubiyal. “Online social networks security and privacy: comprehensive review and analysis.” Complex & Intelligent Systems 7, no. 5 (2021): 2157-2177.

The legal and practical measures ought to be strengthened and tightened in light of the growing trend of online scams in India. One of the key areas is improving the capacity of law enforcement and providing them with further training, new technologies and technical assistance to address the threat of cybercrime. Authorities need to be able to keep up-to-date with the latest information and tools to effectively investigate and track online scam perpetrators. Suitable response systems should also be put in place to allow complaints to be addressed promptly to increase the likelihood of minimising further losses.²⁴

Individuals can get scammed because they’re not familiar with some of the most common scam techniques and tips. To minimize such risks, the implementation of regular awareness campaigns, digital literacy programmes, and guidelines on safe online practices are encouraged. Schools, banks and online sites can be part of the solution to spread awareness and promote responsible use.

In addition, there’s a need to improve the coordination of different actors. To effectively address cyber threats and share information, collaboration between various agencies such as the police, banks, the telecommunications industry and regulatory agencies is necessary. Making it easier for scams to be reported and support given to the victims can foster confidence in the system. Also, the legislations need to be revised regularly according to technological changes and penalties should be strengthened to prevent cybercrime. These changes will help in creating a safer and more trustworthy online environment for India’s citizens.²⁵

There are several changes and enhancements needed in the legal and institutional framework to effectively fight the rampant scams on the internet in India. One of the most important steps is to build capacities of law enforcement agencies. Many agencies have limited resources to adequately outfit their technical staff, digital tools, or trained personnel, but Cybercrime investigation is one of the areas that requires these. Authorities’ capacity to investigate online fraud more effectively and act on complaints promptly can be enhanced through regular training, the use of state-of-the-art forensic technology and cybercrime units.²⁶

²⁴ Kumar, Atul. “Consumer Protection Law in India: Challenges and Prospects in the Digital Age.” Advances in Consumer Research 2, no. 4 (2025).

²⁵ EZE, MMESOMA CHARITY. “ANALYSIS OF THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON CONSUMER PROTECTION IN E-COMMERCE.” ALEX-EKWUEME FEDERAL UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF LAW LL. B PROJECTS (2024).

²⁶ Lata, Deepti, and Raj Vardhan. “Cybercrime and the Indian Legal System: A Critical Evaluation.” IJLRP-International Journal of Leading Research Publication 5, no. 10.

There were other important reforms that involved the increase in awareness and educating the public on online safety and cyber fraud prevention. Many victims become victims due to lack of knowledge of common scam techniques, or are unable to recognize suspicious messages, websites, or calls. Government, educational institutions, banks and digital platforms should conduct awareness raising campaigns together with digital education programmes. Knowing how to use the Internet safely and what to do in case of a fraud can reduce the danger of fraud.

The coordination among banks, telecom companies, cybercrime cells and regulatory as well is also needed. Poor communication between these institutions in many instances prevents them from identifying the fraudster, or preventing fraud transactions. Sharing of information and improved cooperation can enhance enforcement and increase the likelihood of the recovery of stolen money. Also, there should be periodic amendment of Cybercrime laws to accommodate the evolving technologies and new ways of digital fraud.²⁷

Further consumer trust on digital platforms can be gained by implementing stricter punishments and introducing speedy processes for grievance redressed. It is also the duty of e-commerce, payment service and social media companies to take a greater responsibility for protecting their users against fraud on their platforms. These changes will help India improve the protection of consumers and create a safer digital environment for the internet-savvy population in India.²⁸

8)    Conclusion: –

As internet penetration in India continues to grow, so does the prevalence of online scams. Online scams in India are a stark indicator of the problems that accompany rapid digitalization. Although the technology has made a lot of things easier, it has also brought new hazards to its users who may not always be aware of the dangers involved. Given the growing sophistication of cyber fraud cases, there is a need for better legal frameworks and consumer protection. While there are laws such as the Information Technology Act, 2000 and the Consumer Protection Act,

²⁷ Jyothi, M. N. “An Evaluation of the Legal Framework of Electronic Banking with Special Reference to Data Protection and Cyber Security in India.” PhD diss., Alliance University (India), 2025.

²⁸ Wankhade, Anuj. “Banking Frauds in India A Road Map for Effective Regulation and Prevention.” Available at SSRN 5831486 (2025).

2019 which can help address these concerns, effective implementation and user awareness are essential to their effectiveness.²⁹

Equally, it’s important to note that IT platforms, financial institutions and individuals all have a role to play in keeping the digital world safe. The user should be aware and cautious and the company should practise good security and transparency. Authorities, however, need to work on enforcement, minimizing delays and enhancing agency coordination. To conclude, a multi-stakeholder approach is needed to address online scams. In order to safeguard its citizens and harness the opportunities of digital growth without being overwhelmed by cyber threats, India requires a greater sense of awareness, a revised legislative landscape, and greater efficiency in its institutions.³⁰

To curb cybercrime and safeguard consumers, the government of India has enacted various laws, including the Information Technology Act, 2000 and the Consumer Protection Act, 2019. Different reporting platforms and cybercrime units have also been introduced to boost digital safety, as well as awareness campaigns. But obstacles like weak enforcement, absence of technical skills, slow investigations, and lack of digital awareness persist.³¹

Therefore, it is essential that users, digital platforms, law enforcement agencies, and the government work together to prevent online scams. There is a dire need for more effective legislation, public awareness and technological development if it is to be effective. The move would help to enhance coordination, boost cyber security and raise awareness of the risks involved in online activities, thereby contributing to a more secure digital landscape and better protection for consumers from the increasing prevalence of online scams in India.³²

²⁹ Priya Harikumar, Dr Jayashree, Dr Sumitra Padmanabhan Balasubramanian, Amit Barthian, Kajal Chheda, and Kavita Nikam. “Digital Privacy Laws‒Evolution and Consumer Perceptions among online users in India.” (2025).

³⁰ Ansar, Syed Anas, Jaya Yadav, Sujit Kumar Dwivedi, Ankur Pandey, Savarni Prakash Srivastava, Mohammad Ishrat, Mohd Waris Khan, Dhirendra Pandey, and Raees Ahmad Khan. “A critical analysis of fraud cases on the

Internet.” Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education 12, no. 12 (2021): 2164-2186.

³¹ Nandi, Nibedita, and Anita Sable. “Corporate Governance and Financial Scams in India: A Critical Analysis of Preventive Measures.” Part 2 Indian J. Integrated Rsch. L. 3 (2023): 477.

³² Shete, Navnath Lahu, Manisha Maddel, and Zarina Shaikh. “A comparative analysis of cybersecurity scams: Unveiling the evolution from past to present.” In 2024 IEEE 9th International Conference for Convergence in Technology (I2CT), pp. 1-8. IEEE, 2024.