ABSTRACT
Diplomacy is the art and practice of managing international relations, typically through negotiation, dialogue, and strategic communication. India and Maldives share ethnic, linguistic, cultural, religious and commercial links steeped in antiquity. The bilateral relations between India and Maldives have been close, cordial and multi-dimensional. This research paper explores the increasing role of social media in contemporary diplomatic relations, focusing on the recent issue between India and Maldives. The paper provides a general overview of diplomacy and examines how social media influences public sentiments on a large scale, significantly impacting the diplomatic relationship between nations. It specifically analyses the diplomatic row between India and Maldives, which was initiated by the derogatory remarks and mocking posts on a social media platform by the top Maldivian government officials, directed at the Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi. The incident, which received opposition from the people of both countries, drastically impacted the Maldivian economy, which is primarily dependent on the Tourism sector, leading to instabilities in the bilateral relations between the two neighbouring states.
Keywords: Diplomacy, Social media, India, Maldives, Impact, Government.
INTRODUCTION
The realm of international relations has witnessed a profound transformation in recent years, largely propelled by the advent and proliferation of social media platforms. These platforms have not only revolutionised communication channels but have also significantly impacted diplomatic interactions between nations. Against this backdrop, this research paper endeavours to delve into the intricate interplay between social media and diplomacy, with a specific focus on the dynamic relationship between India and Maldives. India and Maldives, two neighbouring nations in the Indian Ocean region, have shared a long-standing history of bilateral relations marked by cultural, economic, and strategic ties. However, the emergence of social media has introduced a new dimension to their diplomatic interactions, offering both opportunities and challenges. As these platforms have become ubiquitous tools for communication and information dissemination, they have increasingly influenced the conduct and outcomes of diplomatic engagements.
Diplomacy, traditionally confined to closed-door negotiations and official channels, has undergone a significant transformation in the digital age. Social media platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram have provided diplomats with unprecedented avenues to engage with the public, shape public opinion, and conduct diplomatic outreach. From state leaders communicating directly with citizens to diplomats engaging in public diplomacy campaigns, social media has blurred the lines between traditional diplomacy and public discourse. This research project seeks to explore the multifaceted relationship between social media and diplomacy through the lens of the India-Maldives incident. By examining the role of social media in shaping diplomatic interactions, public perceptions, and decision-making processes during this incident, the study aims to shed light on the evolving nature of modern diplomacy in the digital era.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The research paper analyses how social media platforms influence diplomatic strategies, public opinion, and decision-making processes in the context of international relations. Adopting the case-study method, this paper utilises secondary data sources, including various articles, blogs, newspapers, and other online databases. Qualitative methods such as content analysis of social media posts and case studies were used to understand the dynamics of social media and diplomacy.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The relationship between India and the Maldives is historically rich and multifaceted. Following the Maldives’ independence from the British in 1965, India was among the first countries to establish diplomatic relations with the newly sovereign state (Ministry of External Affairs, India, 2021). Digital diplomacy, also known as e-diplomacy or cyber diplomacy, refers to the use of digital communication channels, including social media platforms, to conduct diplomatic activities (Bjola & Holmes, 2015).
Social media, in particular, has become an indispensable tool for diplomats, enabling direct engagement with global audiences, real-time communication, and the facilitation of public diplomacy (Manor, 2019).
Recent political developments, such as the election of Mohamed Muizzu as President of the Maldives in 2023, have introduced new dynamics to the bilateral relationship. The increasing influence of China in the Maldives, through initiatives such as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), has posed challenges to India’s strategic interests in the region (Roy-Chaudhury, 2020).
This incident underscores the power of social media in modern diplomacy, where online interactions can have real-world consequences. The economic impact on the Maldives, particularly its tourism sector, which is heavily reliant on Indian tourists, illustrates the tangible effects of digital diplomacy gone awry (Rashid, 2024).
The diplomatic response from both nations, involving high-level meetings and public statements, further emphasizes the need for strategic management of social media in diplomatic relations (Saran, 2024).
DIPLOMACY – AN OVERVIEW
Diplomacy is the established method of influencing the decisions and behaviour of foreign governments and people through dialogue, negotiation, and other measures short of war or violence. It is the art and practice of managing international relations which encompasses a range of activities aimed at promoting national interests, resolving conflicts, and fostering cooperation between nations.
“Diplomacy is a game of chess in which nations are checkmated.”
-Karl Kraus
Historically, diplomacy meant the conduct of official (usually bilateral) relations between sovereign states. By the 20th century, however, the diplomatic practices pioneered in Europe had been adopted throughout the world, and diplomacy had expanded to cover summit meetings and other international conferences. Traditional diplomacy involved the state-to-state interactions conducted by diplomats and government officials, often behind closed doors. Modern diplomatic practices are a product of the post-renaissance European state system.
PUBLIC DIPLOMACY:
The concept of public diplomacy has gained prominence in recent years, driven by globalization, technological advancements, and the increasing interconnectedness of societies. Unlike traditional diplomacy, which primarily focuses on interactions between governments and official representatives, public diplomacy targets broader audiences, including citizens, non-governmental organizations, and the media, both domestically and internationally. Public diplomacy encompasses a wide range of activities, including cultural exchanges, educational programs, media outreach, and digital communication efforts, all aimed at fostering mutual understanding, trust, and cooperation between countries. One of the key objectives of public diplomacy is to influence public opinion and perceptions about a country, its policies, and its values. By engaging with foreign audiences through various channels such as social media, public speeches, cultural events, and exchange programs, governments seek to promote a positive image of their nation and garner support for their foreign policy objectives.
THE ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN DIPLOMACY
Social media has revolutionised diplomatic practices, offering diplomats and governments unprecedented opportunities to engage with global audiences, shape narratives, and influence international relations. Social media has become an indispensable tool in modern diplomacy, offering diplomats new avenues for engagement, communication, and influence in an increasingly interconnected and digital world. By harnessing the power of social media effectively, diplomats can enhance their diplomatic efforts, build relationships, and advance their countries’ interests on the global stage.
Social media has transformed diplomacy by:
1. Enabling direct engagement between diplomats and global audiences.
2. Facilitating real-time communication and crisis management.
3. Serving as a platform for public diplomacy and cultural exchange.
4. Providing tools for monitoring public opinion and tailoring diplomatic messaging.
5. Supporting networking, collaboration, and digital diplomacy campaigns.
DIGITAL DIPLOMACY:
With the advent of digital technologies and the rise of social media, the landscape of diplomacy has evolved significantly. Digital diplomacy refers to the use of digital communication channels, including social media platforms, to conduct diplomatic activities. Digital diplomacy, also known as e-diplomacy or cyber diplomacy, refers to the use of digital technologies and online platforms by governments, diplomats, and international organisations to conduct diplomatic activities, engage with foreign audiences, and pursue foreign policy objectives. It represents the modernisation of traditional diplomatic practices, leveraging the internet, social media, and digital communication tools to enhance diplomatic outreach, advocacy, and influence. Digital diplomacy enables global reach transcending geographical boundaries, allowing diplomats to engage with global audience instantly and allowing diplomats to share information, updates, and official statements in real time fostering transparency and understanding.
Despite its benefits, social media presents challenges such as misinformation and cyber risks. Overall, it’s an essential tool for modern diplomacy, enhancing communication and outreach on a global scale.
THE INDIA-MALDIVES INCIDENT – A CASE STUDY
The Maldives holds significant strategic importance for India due to its geographical proximity and location at the nexus of key maritime routes in the Indian Ocean. Barely 70 nautical miles from India’s Minicoy Island and about 300 nautical miles from the Indian west coast, the Maldives is situated along vital commercial sea-lanes. These factors make the Maldives crucial for India in terms of securing sea lanes of communication, combating piracy and terrorism, and ensuring a conflict-free Indian Ocean. India’s strategic interests also include exploring the blue economy and enhancing trade, underscoring the multifaceted nature of its engagement with the Maldives. The diplomatic journey between India and the Maldives includes several milestones. After gaining independence from the British in 1965, the Maldives established diplomatic relations with India. The 1979 Maritime Boundary Agreement defined maritime boundaries, fostering clearer cooperation. Despite facing challenges during the 1988 coup attempt, the intervention by Indian forces through Operation Cactus fortified the relationship. The peaceful political transition in 2008 and the presidency of Mohamed Nasheed brought economic cooperation and strengthened bilateral ties. However, the relationship faced strains during Abdulla Yameen’s presidency (2013-2018) due to democratic concerns and a perceived tilt towards China. The election of Ibrahim Mohamed Solih in 2018 marked a positive shift, with a renewed emphasis on strengthening India-Maldives ties. In 2023, Mohamed Muizzu’s election as the President brought new dynamics to the relationship, underscoring the evolving political landscape in the Maldives and its implications for bilateral relations.
ANALYSIS OF THE DIPLOMATIC ROW
THE ISSUE
Social media became a battleground as an online war erupted. The controversy was sparked by Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to Lakshadweep. Although Prime Minister Narendra Modi didn’t mention anything about Maldives in his post sharing the images of his visit to Maldives, Maldivian ministers used derogatory language against Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The situation escalated tensions and strained bilateral relations. The issue started when derogatory remarks and mocking posts on a social media platform were made by the top Maldivian government officials, directed at the Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi. The three Maldivian ministers who made derogatory remarks about Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi are Malsha Shareef, Mariyam Shiuna, and Abdulla Mahzoom Majid. These officials, who worked for the Ministry of Youth Empowerment, Information, and Arts, faced disciplinary action for their comments against Modi on social media. They described Modi as a “clown,” “terrorist,” and “puppet of Israel” in response to a video promoting tourism in Lakshadweep.
ANTI-INDIA SENTIMENT AND THE CHINA FACTOR
Maldives has been a recipient of Chinese infrastructure investments and became a participant in China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The pro-China stance of the new President-elect, The ‘India Out’ campaign and China’s growing influence in the Maldives present challenges to India’s historically strong relationship with the country. It has sparked a reassessment of diplomatic strategies without straining India’s longstanding bond with the Maldives. Yet, India remains steadfast in its commitment to building robust relations with the Maldives, focusing on comprehensive cooperation, security, and infrastructure development. During the Maldivian elections, pro-China leaders fronted the ‘India Out’ campaign. This shift in government brought an anti-India camp to power in the Maldives. Geopolitical dynamics played a significant role in shaping sentiments.
THE PUBLIC SENTIMENT ON SOCIAL MEDIA
The India-Maldives incident triggered a flurry of online activity, revealing a spectrum of sentiments—from heated exchanges to pleas for diplomatic solutions. Social media played a pivotal role in shaping public discourse during this tense period.
Mixed Reactions: Social media platforms witnessed a mix of reactions. Some Indians expressed their frustration or anger by advocating for boycotting Maldives as a tourist destination and instead promoting tourism to Indian islands. This sentiment was reflected through hashtags such as #BoycottMaldives and #ExploreIndianIslands.
Voices for Diplomacy: Some users emphasised the need for peaceful resolution and friendly relations. Amid the chaos, there were sensible voices advocating for a peaceful resolution. Users emphasized the importance of maintaining friendly relations. Calls for dialogue and understanding echoed across platforms.
During the India-Maldives diplomatic row, many Maldivians expressed their discontent with the escalating tensions. Their views emphasised the need for diplomatic resolution rather than further hostilities. These voices recognised the importance of maintaining friendly relations between the two neighbouring nations.
IMPACT ON THE DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS
The incident involved a clash of online narratives, anti-India sentiments, and inflammatory remarks, highlighting the delicate nature of diplomatic relations between India and the Maldives. The tensions between the two countries disrupted existing bilateral cooperation agreements and initiatives between India and the Maldives, including in areas such as trade, defence, security, and development assistance. Strained diplomatic relations also affect people-to-people ties between India and the Maldives, including cultural exchanges, tourism, and educational opportunities, as well as the movement of citizens between the two countries. The Maldivian economy heavily relies on its tourism sector, which is a major source of foreign exchange and government revenue. Tourism directly accounts for about a quarter of the Maldives’ GDP and provides more than a third of job opportunities for Maldivians, with the broader sector contributing up to 70% of total employment. India has emerged as a significant source of tourists to the Maldives, with Indian tourist arrivals increasing substantially over the years. With the happening of this incident, Indians called for boycotting Maldives as a tourist destination impacting the tourism sector of Maldives. This incident also led to the stoppage of various investment and developmental projects by India and the Indian military troops were returned from Maldives. The strained diplomatic relations lead to a breakdown in trust between the two countries, making it more challenging to cooperate on shared interests and resolve mutual concerns through diplomatic channels.
GOVERNMENT MEASURES
Response from the Indian government: In response to the escalating tensions during the India-Maldives diplomatic row, India took decisive action by summoning the Maldives High Commissioner to India. During this meeting, India expressed strong concerns regarding the derogatory remarks made by certain Maldivian ministers against Prime Minister Narendra Modi. These moves signalled India’s commitment to addressing the issue through diplomatic channels and seeking a resolution.
Measures by the Maldivian government: The Maldivian administration took swift action by indefinitely suspending three officials involved in the controversy. This move signalled their commitment to addressing the issue and maintaining diplomatic decorum.
Diplomatic Channels: Both India and the Maldives recognized the importance of dialogue. Diplomatic channels were activated to ease tensions and find common ground. High-level discussions aimed at resolving the situation amicably. Dr S Jaishankar, India’s External Affairs Minister, embarked on a diplomatic journey to Maldives in February 2024. During his two-day visit to the Maldives, Jaishankar engaged in discussions aimed at strengthening bilateral relations. The focus was on resolving issues and fostering cooperation between the two neighbouring nations. Notably, a team from the Maldives also visited India, and both sides expressed a desire to avoid escalating tensions. These measures demonstrate the seriousness with which both nations approached the diplomatic row, emphasizing the need for constructive engagement and resolution.
SIMILAR ISSUES
- China and Australia:
China and Australia have historically maintained economic ties, but political differences have strained their relationship. Nationalistic sentiments on social media platforms fueled by state-sponsored narratives have intensified tensions. Both sides have accused each other of spreading misinformation through social media channels.
- Iran and Saudi Arabia:
Iran and Saudi Arabia have long been regional rivals, with differing religious and geopolitical interests. Social media platforms have become battlegrounds for proxy conflicts, with both nations using online narratives to influence public opinion. Online discourse often reflects religious tensions, exacerbating the divide. Social media amplifies geopolitical posturing, affecting diplomatic negotiations.
SUGGESTIONS
‘Diplomacy is more than saying or doing the right things at the right time,
it is avoiding saying or doing the wrong things at any time.’
-Bo Bennett
As this statement says, diplomacy is an art that has to be carried out considering many factors, without damaging the bilateral relations between countries. Achieving a balance between national interests and maintaining respectful relations with other countries is imperative in the digital age. Embracing digital diplomacy involves leveraging social media platforms and digital communication tools to advance diplomatic objectives effectively. Diplomats must recognize the power of social media as a tool for engagement, outreach, and public diplomacy. However, it’s crucial for diplomats to exercise caution and professionalism, avoiding inflammatory rhetoric or behaviour that could exacerbate tensions or undermine diplomatic efforts. While defending national sovereignty and promoting national interests remain priorities, diplomatic engagement should be conducted with sensitivity to the concerns and perspectives of other nations. This requires diplomacy to be guided by principles of mutual respect, cooperation, and adherence to international norms and agreements. Combatting misinformation and promoting transparency are essential components of effective digital diplomacy. Diplomatic missions should prioritize fact-checking and verification of information before disseminating it on social media platforms. Transparent communication, including acknowledging mistakes or misunderstandings, helps build credibility and trust with both domestic and international audiences.
CONCLUSION
The paper sheds light on the intricate relationship between social media and diplomacy in the context of bilateral relations between India and Maldives. Through a comprehensive analysis of the incident and its implications, several key findings and considerations emerge: Firstly, the incident underscores the significant impact of social media on diplomatic interactions, public perceptions, and decision-making processes. Social media platforms have become indispensable tools for diplomats to engage with the public, shape narratives, and manage crises in real time. Secondly, digital diplomacy offers both opportunities and challenges for India and Maldives in navigating their bilateral relationship. While social media provides avenues for enhanced communication, transparency, and public diplomacy, it also poses risks related to misinformation, polarization, and the politicization of online discourse. Thirdly, effective management of social media issues requires a strategic and nuanced approach, encompassing elements such as fact-checking, transparency, and diplomatic engagement. Balancing national interests with diplomatic protocols and norms of civility is essential in fostering constructive dialogue and maintaining respectful relations between countries. Furthermore, continuous adaptation to evolving digital landscapes and ongoing research and evaluation are essential for understanding the dynamics of social media and diplomacy. Diplomats and policymakers must remain agile and proactive in harnessing the potential of digital diplomacy while mitigating its inherent challenges. In conclusion, the India-Maldives incident serves as a compelling case study highlighting the complexities of contemporary diplomacy in the digital age. By embracing digital diplomacy, promoting transparency, and prioritising constructive engagement, India and Maldives can navigate the impact of social media on their bilateral relations and advance mutual understanding, cooperation, and stability in the region. As social media continues to evolve, its role in shaping international relations will remain a critical area of study and concern for diplomats, policymakers, and scholars.
S.PHANITAWYA SOWMYA LAKSHMI
DAMODARAM SANJIVAYYA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY, VISAKHAPATNAM.