ABSTRACT
Electric vehicles has been growing rapidly over the past ten years. A notable increase of about 63% of electric vehicle from the previous year. This Study analyses the comparison of electric vehicles and fuel based vehicles in protecting the environment. This study briefly explains the need for electric vehicles among people and to know whether the people are well aware about electric vehicles and its impact in environment and to find out the probability of electric vehicles the only vehicles in next decade. The outcome of the study implies clearly that much of the respondents of this study are well aware about electric vehicles and its impact on environment but still the government shall introduce the policies that bring awareness to the people and also the electric vehicles will be boon to people in upcoming years. The Researcher has followed the Descriptive Method of Research using Convenient Sampling Method. The Sample Size of the Study is 208.
KEY WORDS
Environment, Electric Vehicle, Fuel Hike, Fuel, Pollution.
INTRODUCTION
Electric vehicles (EVs) operate using electric motors rather than internal-combustion engines, which burn fuel and gases for power. The origins of EVs trace back to France and the United Kingdom, with practical models emerging in the 1890s. William Morrison invented the first successful electric car, a six-passenger vehicle with a top speed of 14 miles per hour. Recently, the escalating fuel prices due to tensions between Russia and Ukraine have led many consumers to switch to EVs, given their lower environmental impact. To encourage EV adoption and promote a greener economy, the government offers various subsidies, including through initiatives like FAME (Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid & Electric Vehicles), launched by the Ministry of Heavy Industries in 2015. Additionally, the government has reduced GST on EVs from 12% to 5%, and from 18% to 5% for chargers and charging stations. Several factors influence the decision to purchase an EV, including mileage, charging time, technological advancements, autonomous driving capabilities, design, price, charging infrastructure, and maintenance and repair costs. Despite a global economic slowdown triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic, the EV market has seen significant growth over the past decade. In India, the EV market remained resilient, with a 109% year-on-year increase in new electric passenger car registrations in 2020.Norway leads in EV adoption per capita, supported by government subsidies and incentives. EV drivers in Norway enjoy tax advantages, toll exemptions, free ferry rides, and free parking in some cities, contributing to the country’s reputation as the most EV-friendly nation in Europe.
OBJECTIVES
- To Find Out the need of electric vehicles among people in relation with Educational Qualification and Occupation
- To Find Out that the people are aware about electric vehicles and its less impact on environment in relation with Occupation, Monthly Income and Educational Qualification.
- To Find Out the probability of electric vehicles in India in next 10 years in relation with Age and Educational Qualification of the respondents
LITERATURE REVIEW
The Author examined the impact of International Oil Prices that subsequently inflates the fuel prices in India and Output Growth in India in two Scenarios, I) Fuel Prices is Directly proportional to the international Oil Prices II) Fuel Price is ultimately affected due to the Government Policies that is revised every year. (BB BHATACHARYA, 2009) The Author explored the relation between manufacturing units and fuel prices, The author gave an idea for proposing a hybrid renewable energy system comprising Solar PhotoVoltaic Cells, Wind, A Storage Battery, A Diesel Unit for running a Cement Factory ( SATYA PRAKASH MAKHIJA, 2015) The Author explored to understand the causes and impact for the rising prices of fuel in recent times that influences the economy as whole and The author also provided the solution to cope with its externality (ASWIN SIVARAJAN, 2018)
The Author dealt with the impact that caused to rise fuel prices particularly in Agriculture Sector. The Author found out the inflation cost and cost of implementing policies on food security. The author also provided an alternative approach (M.K ANAND, 2016) The Author through his study want to understand the causes and impacts for the rising prices in recent times that influences the economy on whole and provide solution to cope with its externality, Both Primary and secondary Data has been used by the author, the Primary Data is through Google Forms and Secondary Data:- To find the causes of fuel price hike in country (PARIKH & SHUKTLIG, 1995 ) The Author analysed on fuel pricing approaches taken in the Country and also looks into the degree of fuel subsidies in action in the country and also assesses the effect these increases in price on the inflation and household ( ANAND, 2013 ) The Author here look into the demand and consumption pattern of fuel in Indian Economy and analyzed the energy demand and consumption pattern of the fuel in Indian Economy, Further Econometric Models have also been made by the author (PARIKH PUROHIT, 2007) The Author assessed the effect the usage of Energy from a cross national study of developing countries and the author also assessed the effect of usage of energy and the associated increase in fuel pricing and also put forwarded the policies that imply towards urbanization and development of Countries ( PARIKH & SHUKTLIG, 1995 )
The Author proposed a model that forecasts the energy consumption of electric vehicles for overcoming the increasing fuel prices, the Author also involved a HVAC Battery Power Consumption- Model Battery for a car to function more effectively. (C.HARIHARAN, 2022) The Author analysed Fuel price hike in relation with ridership growth in 5 cities: Atlanta, Georgia, Dallas, Texas, Los Angeles, California, San Francisco, Washington D.C, the five cities have experienced ridership growth that implies that Fuel plays a major role in Transit Industry in USA, According to Author, ( ASHLEY. R, 2007) he explored the relation between Vehicle type choice and Fuel price hike in a mixed legit model, The effect of Vehicle tax Reform, Fuel prices, Technology. Among those Technology development is the main driving factor in fuel efficiency ( STEFAN L. MALOST, 2014) The Author explored the relation between fuel price and US Transit Industry, The Result is much attributed to increase in fuel price that affects the US Transit industry, The Author also analysed the influencing use of transit and reduction in Carbon diOxide emissions, The Analysis is that Use Of US Transit increases automatically increases the fuel prices (PARVEEN MAGHELA, 2010 )
The Author investigates the issue of fuel poverty and its measurement in the transport sector, The author also came up with the result with some points: The diversity of travel needs, Restriction Behaviour and Variable Capacities to adapt. ( A. BERRY, 2010 ) The Author analysed the response of Indonesia Capital Market to increase in fuel price and announced by the government, The Author collected the sample from Companies listed on LQ-45 and Author analysed that there is a negative abnormal return in stock return (TEDDY, 2015 ) The Author focussed major issues that affect the airline industry, the factors that affect are Low Cost Airline, Impact Of Electronic Commerce, Debate on Global Airline Alliances and Impact of Fuel Price hike ( RIGOS DOGANIS, 2000 ) The Author explored the Fisheries Sector that has a significant economic potential in Central Java, the Author also established a study on relationship between Fishery and Other Sectors, The Increase in fuel price decreases the fisheries sector ( SRINIVASA KRISHNASAMY, 2022 ) The Author itemised the effect as follows: i. Fuel crisis paralyzed social and economic activities, it brought about socio-economic unrest which result in increase in transport fare, sky rocketing of market prices and prices of building materials. ii. High rate of inflation: this leads to increased spending both by government and private individuals. Fuel scarcity creates inflation in both public and private life with a consequent increase in prices of goods and services. (ARINZE, 2011)
The Author argued that an increase of such magnitude in the current Nigerian economic context is, without doubt, a process that is either inadvertently or deliberately conceived to take money away from the pockets of all Nigerian income earners, with over 70 percent of Nigerians who live on below N360 per day, as the prime victims. In reality, anyone in this category will end up with over 50 per cent of his daily income, which is about N155 per day, inevitably dedicated to transport costs, while the remaining is expected to cater for family feeding, health, education and other social expenses. (CYOH, 2012) The Author predicted that inflation rate would fluctuate between 13 and 14 per cent for most part of 2012.An investment and research firm, Renaissance Capital said it expected inflation to rise from a projected 10 per cent to between 13 and 14 percent between January and March and average about 15 per cent for the year, 2012.It, however, said that should the government be persuaded to phase the removal of petrol subsidy as a means of easing the burden of price increases, then the increase in inflation could be lesser than 15 per cent for the year (OLORUNFEMI, 2012)
The Author explored two major classes of subsidies – production subsidies which are associated with developed countries and;Consumer subsidies, which are found mainly in developing countries like Nigeria.A subsidy is a reverse tax. It is a deliberate attempt by the government to support a chosen economic agent – a consumer and a producer and it can be applied in any market that involves the buying and selling of products and or services. A subsidy as defined by the OECD in a study is basically government action that decreases the consumption price of the consumer and or increases the selling price of the producer (UNEP, 2002)
METHODOLOGY
The Research method followed here is the Empirical type of Research. A total of 207 samples have been collected out of which all samples have been collected through Convenient sampling method. The sample frame taken here is public areas in and around Chennai and Coimbatore, Tamilnadu like College Premises, Beaches, malls and Parks. The Independent Variables are Age, Gender, Educational Qualification, Occupation and Monthly Income. The Dependent Variables are familiarness of electric vehicle(scaling), Agreeability on the electric vehicles the only vehicles in next 10 years, awareness in less pollution due to usage of ev’s. The Statistics tool used are Pie Charts, Simple Charts, Complex Charts, SPSS etc…
ANALYSIS
FIGURE 1
LEGEND: THE FIGURE 1 DEPICTS THE GENDER OF THE RESPONDENTS
FIGURE 2
LEGEND: THE FIGURE 2 DEPICTS THE AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS
FIGURE 3
LEGEND: THE FIGURE 3 DEPICTS THE EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION OF THE RESPONDENTS
FIGURE 4
LEGEND: THE FIGURE 4 DEPICTS THE OCCUPATION OF THE RESPONDENTS
FIGURE 5
LEGEND: THE FIGURE 5 DEPICTS THE MONTHLY INCOME OF THE RESPONDENTS
FIGURE 6
LEGEND: THE FIGURE 6 DEPICTS THE FLOW CHART ON THE WAYS THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICAL VEHICLES IS EFFICIENT THAN FUEL BASED VEHICLES BY THE RESPONDENTS
FIGURE 7
LEGEND: THE FIGURE 7 DEPICTS THE COMPLEX FLOW CHART RELATION BETWEEN THE RATING REGARDING THE FAMILIARNESS OF EV AMONG RESPONDENTS AND EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION
FIGURE 8
LEGEND: THE FIGURE 8 DEPICTS THE COMPLEX FLOW CHART RELATION BETWEEN THE WAYS THROUGH WHICH ELECTRIC VEHICLES ARE EFFICIENT THAN FUEL BASED VEHICLE AND EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION OF THE RESPONDENTS
FIGURE 9
LEGEND: THE FIGURE 9 DEPICTS THE COMPLEX FLOW CHART RELATION BETWEEN THE WAYS THROUGH WHICH ELECTRIC VEHICLES ARE EFFICIENT THAN FUEL BASED VEHICLE AND OCCUPATION OF THE RESPONDENTS
FIGURE 10
LEGEND: THE FIGURE 10 DEPICTS THE COMPLEX FLOW CHART RELATION BETWEEN THE RESPONDENTS AWARENESS ON POLLUTION ON USAGE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES AND OCCUPATION OF THE RESPONDENTS
FIGURE 11
LEGEND: THE FIGURE 11 DEPICTS THE COMPLEX FLOW CHART RELATION BETWEEN THE RESPONDENTS AWARENESS ON POLLUTION ON USAGE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES AND EDUCATIONAL INCOME OF THE RESPONDENTS
FIGURE 12
LEGEND: THE FIGURE 12 DEPICTS THE COMPLEX FLOW CHART RELATION BETWEEN THE RESPONDENTS AWARENESS ON POLLUTION ON USAGE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES AND MONTHLY INCOME OF THE RESPONDENTS
FIGURE 13
LEGEND: THE FIGURE 13 DEPICTS THE COMPLEX FLOW CHART RELATION BETWEEN THE POSSIBILITY OF EV THE ONLY VEHICLES IN NEXT TEN YEARS AND AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS
FIGURE 14
LEGEND: THE FIGURE 14 DEPICTS THE POSSIBILITY OF EV THE ONLY VEHICLES IN NEXT TEN YEARS AND OCCUPATION OF THE RESPONDENTS
FIGURE 15
LEGEND: THE FIGURE 15 DEPICTS THE SELECTION OF VEHICLES AMONG EV AND FUEL VEHICLES AND AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS
FIGURE 16
LEGEND: THE FIGURE 16 DEPICTS THE SELECTION OF VEHICLES AMONG EV AND FUEL VEHICLES AND EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION OF THE RESPONDENTS
RESULTS
The respondents of male shows higher preference over the female in Figure 1. The Age Group of 19-30 Years of age have shown much interest over other age groups in Figure 2. The Respondents who pursued/pursuing Undergraduate Programs have respondents majorly than other programs in Figure 3. The Persons who are about to employ have shown much interest over other occupations in Figure 4. The Respondents who get monthly income between Rs. 10,001 – Rs. 30,000/- have responded majorly than other respondents in Figure 5. The majority of respondents choose electric vehicles over fuel vehicle only to reduce petroleum cost in fuel vehicles in Figure 6. The Figure 7 represents the relation between rating on familiarness towards electric vehicles among respondents and educational qualification of the respondents where majority of the respondents have given a rating of 4. The Figure 8 represents the relation between the ways through which electrical vehicles seems to be more efficient and educational qualification of the respondents where the majority of undergraduate and postgraduate respondents have opted that the electrical vehicle is much efficient in reducing petroleum cost. The Figure 9 represents the relation between the ways through which electrical vehicles seems to be more efficient and Occupation of the respondents where the majority of self employed and Public sector workers respondents have opted that the electrical vehicle is much more efficient in reducing petroleum cost. The Figure 10 represents the relation between the awareness regarding less pollution on using electric vehicles and Occupation of the respondents where majority of the respondents are mostly aware.
The Figure 11 represents the relation between the awareness regarding less pollution on using electric vehicles and Educational qualification of the respondents where majority of the respondents are mostly aware. The Figure 12 represents the relation between the awareness regarding less pollution on using electric vehicles and Monthly income of the respondents where majority of the respondents are mostly aware. The Figure 13 represents the probability of electric vehicle the only vehicles in next 10 years between age of the respondents where majority of the respondents strongly agreed that there is much more probable for electric vehicles to emerge as only vehicle in next 10 years. The Figure 14 represents the probability of electric vehicle the only vehicles in next 10 years between Occupation of the respondents where majority of the respondents strongly agreed that there is much more probable for electric vehicles to emerge as only vehicle in next 10 years. The Figure 15 represents the selection of vehicles among electric vehicles and fuel based vehicles among the age group of the respondents where majority of the respondents have opted for fuel based vehicles. The Figure 16 represents the selection of vehicles among electric vehicles and fuel based vehicles among the Educational qualification of the respondents where majority of the respondents have opted for fuel based vehicles
DISCUSSION
The majority of the respondents are of Age Group 21-30 Years (fig 1). The majority of the respondents opting for electric vehicles only to reduce the cost of petroleum products and the least interest is shown in improving air quality this clearly implies that personal interest of the respondents in reducing the cost of petroleum products makes the electric vehicle to boon in India(fig 6,8,9). The majority of the respondents have rated 4 regarding the familiarness of electric vehicles, where the government shall implement much more implementation to bring awareness on electric vehicles among the people (fig 7). Majority of the respondents who are aware about electric vehicles are also much aware about electric vehicles causes less pollution by rating 5 out of 5 (fig 10,11,12). Majority of the respondents select fuel based vehicles over electric vehicles, this could be due to 1. less awareness among people 2. The convinience in using fuel vehicles is not much observed in electric vehicles. 3. The Charging stations are not available often, so this could affect long distance drives.
LIMITATIONS
One of the major limitations of the study is the sample frame. There is a major constraint in the sample frame as it is limited to a small area. Thus, it proves to be difficult to extrapolate it to a larger population. Another limitation is the sample size of 207 which cannot be used to assume the thinking of the entire population in a particular country, state or city. The Physical factors have a larger impact, thus, limiting the study.
CONCLUSION
The progress that the electric vehicle industry has seen in recent years is not only extremely welcomed, but highly necessary in light of the increasing global greenhouse gas levels. As demonstrated within the economic, social, and environmental analysis sections of this paper, the benefits of electric vehicles far surpass the costs. The biggest obstacle to the widespread adoption of electric-powered transportation is cost related, as gasoline and the vehicles that run on it are readily available, convenient, and less costly. As is demonstrated in our timeline, we hope that over the course of the next decade technological advancements and policy changes will help ease the transition from traditional fuel-powered vehicles. Additionally, the realization and success of this industry relies heavily on the global population, and it is our hope that through mass marketing and environmental education programs people will feel incentivized and empowered to drive an electric-powered vehicle. Each person can make a difference, so go electric and help make a difference!
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Sri Varsan,
Saveetha School Of Law,
Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences,
Chennai