AUTHORED BY:- NIYATI PATEL ABSTRACT Corporate administer is a broad term in business environment. It is one of the best systems by which corporate organizations are directed and managed. Corporate governance is an outline for coordinating with an organization in moral structure, with which it can be responsible for investors, workers and the board. This …
Abstract The landmark judgment in Kaushal Kishor v. State of Uttar Pradesh (2023) marked a paradigm shift in Indian constitutional jurisprudence by establishing the horizontal application of fundamental rights under Articles 19 and 21. This research examines the implications of this judicial development for private digital platforms and social media companies operating in India. The …
HORIZONTAL FREE SPEECH: CAN ARTICLE 19 BIND PRIVATE PLATFORMS AFTER KAUSHAL KISHOR? Read More »
Abstract With the coming of a new era, the deficiency of a domestic sports arbitration body in India has created a lot of challenges for athletes to receive justice impartially and affect their mental health. Presently, the cases are being resolved by the civil courts, Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) abroad. The lack of …
LACK OF SPORTS ARBITRATION BODY IN INDIA: IMPACT ON ATHLETE MENTAL HEALTH AND JUSTICE Read More »
___________________________________________________________________________ Abstract This research paper aims to evaluate the progressing legal and socio-political implications of the recently launched ‘Special Scheme for Grant of Arms Licenses to Original Inhabitants and Indigenous Indian Citizens in Vulnerable and Remote Areas of Assam’ with the rationale that possession of firearms would enable “indigenous citizens” to protect themselves from “demographic …
Abstract Social media has changed how ads work, leading to the rise of influencers. Unlike regular celebrity ads, influencer marketing often mixes personal opinions with paid promotions, making it hard to tell what is honest and what is an ad. This can cause problems like false claims, hidden sponsorships, and loss of trust, especially for …
Social Media and Influencer Marketing: A Consumer Protection Perspective Read More »
Abstract The goal of advanced system of contract law is promoting good faith and fair haggling in signing and performing of contracts. A fundamental legal theory that has been around for a while is the doctrine of good faith. The paper then prospect within the frame of Indian Contract Act, the principle of good faith and fair dealing, studying its legislative baselines, judicial interpretations and useful operations for contract drafting and negotiation. It would also clarify the importance of such a doctrine in the field of law. Argumentation in this paper is involved in …
The Role of Good Faith and Fair Dealing in Contract Law Read More »
ABSTRACT In 2025, India’s sports law underwent an unprecedented transformation, marking a shift from fragmented legal frameworks towards an integrated, rights-based, and technology-driven regulatory order. Landmark enactments such as the National Sports Governance Act, 2025, the National Anti-Doping (Amendment) Bill, 2025, and the draft National Code Against Age Fraud in Sports (NCAAFS), 2025 collectively laid …
Abstract The foundation of a fair and civilized society is human rights. It defends people’s freedom and self-respect from oppression and tyranny. The protection of human rights was significantly helped by the Indian judiciary. This paper explores the evolving landscape of human rights. It examines how constitutional courts in India have played a crucial role …
Abstract The rapid growth of digital communication technologies has transformed the way people access and share information. While this has created unprecedented opportunities for connectivity and knowledge exchange, it has also provided fertile ground for the spread of misinformation and fake news. In India, a constitutional democracy that protects freedom of speech under Article 19(1)(a) …
ABSTRACT In Jamnagar, Gujarat, the Greens Zoological Rescue and Rehabilitation Centre—better known as Vantara—has been promoted as a rescue and care facility operating on a scale rarely seen anywhere. Official figures claim more than 150,000 animals representing over 2,000 species, supported by on-site elephant hospitals, hydrotherapy pools, and veterinary suites fitted with MRI and CT …
Abstract: This paper explores the paradox of secularism in India by looking at how the law treats Muslim Waqf institutions and Hindu temples. The Constitution promises equal respect for all religions, but in reality, the rules that govern different faiths are far from equal. Waqf properties, managed through independent boards, enjoy a level of autonomy, …
from the Indus Waters Treaty for Cross-Border Dispute Resolution in India ABSTRACT This study investigates arbitration as a method for resolving transboundary disputes, focusing on reconciling commercial interests with national sovereignty. Through an analysis of the Indus Waters Treaty (1960) between India and Pakistan, the research illustrates how a hybrid dispute resolution approach—encompassing negotiation, neutral …
Arbitration at the Crossroads of Commerce and Sovereignty: Lessons Read More »
Abstract Despite India having numerous laws designed to protect women, violence against them remains a widespread and persistent issue that affects both urban and rural areas. The problem is not just legal, it is deeply social, cultural, and systemic. This research paper explores how criminal behavior targeting women intersects with the legal mechanisms meant to …
An Intersection of Law and Crime: Analyzing Violence Against Women in India Read More »
ABSTRACT Since the development of communal relationship among mankind and the invention of division of labor, the segregation of society into labor and owners, has been a topic of continuous alteration and reconstruction. But since the boom of the industrial revolution, the hierarchy became the foundation of modern society, and built the civilization brick by …
Abstract The Indian judiciary has steadily transformed the meaning of Article 21 of the Constitution — the right to life and personal liberty — to include environmental protection and health safeguards. Landmark judgments, from Subhash Kumar to the recent MK Ranjitsinh (Great Indian Bustard case), affirm that urban pollution and climate change are not just …
Abstract Special Intensive Revision (SIR) is an essential method for updating electoral records and guaranteeing democratic inclusivity, especially in Bihar. But others who are less fortunate- like women, minorities, migrant workers, and economically disadvantaged groups- frequently encounter disproportionate legal and administrative barriers while trying to obtain its benefits the difficulties include systematic exclusion from the …
TITLE- SIR AND UNDERPRIVILEGED GROUPS: LEGAL OBSTACLES AND SOLUTIONS Read More »
TASK – 1 DRAFTING OF A LEGAL RESEARCH PAPER ON – “CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK AND EMERGING TRENDS ON THE RIGHT TO WATER” Submitted by- Alka Johny Semester V, 3-Year LLB, Thakur Ramnarayan College of Law, Mumbai CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK AND EMERGING TRENDS ON THE RIGHT TO WATER ABSTRACT This research paper looks at how the right to …
Abstract India’s booming expansion in internet and technology has fundamentally transformed how people connect, interact and share ideas. But this has also intensified and made the spread of hate speech and crimes against vulnerable groups easier. This paper examines how the algorithmic amplification of a specific type of content on social media platforms such as …
ALGORITHMIC AMPLIFICATION OF HATE SPEECH AND COMMUNAL VIOLENCE IN INDIA Read More »
ABSTRACT While our nation celebrates the freedom gained through long struggle and sacrifices of its leaders, some individuals continue to struggle for their basic human rights and fundamental rights. This research paper provides a critical analysis of the Unlawful activities (Prevention) act (UAPA), arguing that while it is essential for the national security its implementation …
Abstract This article examines the fast-paced convergence of AI and biometric technology in the international fashion retail industry with emphasis on these revolutionary effects on consumer personalization and data gathering. It highlights important legal challenges emerging from sensitive biometric data use, such as privacy threats, consent issues, and algorithmic discrimination. The research performs a comparative …
Title: Supreme Court Directive on Stray Dog Relocation: A Comprehensive Analysis of Public Safety and Animal Welfare Considerations Nainika Shivaram Abstract: This is an extended research article that takes multiple dimensions to analyze the landmark directive on the Supreme Court of India ordering movement of stray dogs into shelters. In order to examine the nexus …
ABSTRACT The premonitory governance of the Supreme Court of India under Article 143 of the Constitution is a unique constitutional medium that allows the President to seek the court’s opinion on questions of law or fact of public significance. While the framers intended this provision to grease coordination between the superintendent and the bar in complex indigenous matters, the binding nature of similar premonitory opinions has remained contested. …
Abstract Folklore and traditional cultural expressions (TCEs) represent the heritage of communities, which reflects their identity, history and creativity. In the digital age, these expressions face risks of misappropriation and commercialization due to the ease of reproduction, dissemination and adaptation. Although intellectual property (IP) regimes such as copyright, designs and geographical indications provide some kind …
Abstract The concept of a hostile witness is one of the most debated doctrines in Indian evidence law, now codified under Section 157 of the Bharatiya Sakshaya Adhiniyam, 2023. A witness, often regarded as the eyes and ears of the court, is expected to provide reliable testimony that aids in the discovery of truth. However, …
Abstract Indian cinema is the epitome of expression; it’s not just movies and songs but a vast variety of art forms. The art is as diverse as the country, with the passage of time and trends, there have been significant changes and adoption of regulations as to what is “suitable” for the audience to watch …
FILM CENSORSHIP AND GENDER STEREOTYPING: A CONSTITUTIONAL DILEMMA IN INDIA Read More »
The fast development of artificial intelligence (AI) poses new questions in intellectual property law, which is especially problematic concerning inventorship by humans rather than machines and whether AI creations could ever be considered patentable inventions. Traditional patent regimes expect inventorship from a human person, which raises questions about whether autonomous inventions created by machines can …
PATENTABILITY OF AI-GENERATED INVENTIONS AND OWNERSHIP OF MACHINE-CREATED WORKS Read More »
TABLE OF CONTENTS Sr. No. INDEX Page No. 1. ABSTRACT 1-1 2. INTRODUCTION 1-2 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2-3 3. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 3-3 3. ARREST UNDER INDIAN LAW 4-7 4. LAW COMMISSION REPORT AND JUDICIAL PRECEDENTS 7-9 5. RECOMMENDATIONS 9-11 6. CONCLUSION 12-12 This paper is a critical evaluation of the practice of using powers …
ABSTRACT The growing privatization of the activities carried out in the outer space has required the establishment of integrated legal and policy frameworks around the world. India, despite its spectacular successes in the field in the form of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), has fallen behind in the development of a sound statutory framework …
Why Supreme Court reject the plea for the application of PoSH in Political Parties? ABSTRACT: We often talk about a gender-neutral world, where everyone can participate freely without fear. Yet, when it comes to Politics, women are still vulnerable to various threats like that as sexual harassment. Despite the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace …
ABSTRACT Gig workers are someone who make money by doing short term , flexible jobs generally through digital platforms like Uber, Swiggy, Zomato without having a proper employer – employee relationship. There has been significant increase in gig workers throughout various countries worldwide. By offering a flexible on demand employment through digital platform, the gig …
Ms. Bhoomika Mishra ** Abstract: Custodial violence and human rights violations against tribal communities in India represent a grave challenge to the nation’s constitutional commitment to equality, dignity, and justice. Despite legal safeguards such as the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 and constitutional provisions under Articles 15, 17, and 21, …
CUSTODIAL VIOLENCE AND HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS OF TRIBAL PEOPLE IN INDIA Read More »
Abstract: The accelerating pace of climate change has triggered an unprecedented wave of human displacement across borders. Rising sea levels, desertification, extreme weather events, and resource depletion are forcing vulnerable populations to leave their homes in search of safety and livelihood. Yet, the legal framework governing refugee protection remains grounded in the historical context of …
CLIMATE REFUGEES AND INTERNATIONAL LAW: LEGAL PROTECTION IN THE AGE OF DISPLACEMENT Read More »
Sumanta Ghosh ABSTRACT Artificial Intelligence is no longer only a technical tool; it is now entering the space of creativity which was once thought to be exclusively human. In music, painting, literature or film, AI systems are producing works that are difficult to separate from human imagination. This creates a dilemma for copyright law, which …
Abstract The relationship between registration and ownership in Indian property law has long been a contested issue, with significant implications for buyers, sellers, and the stability of land transactions. While earlier judicial interpretations and popular understanding often equated registration with ownership, the Supreme Court in K. Gopi v. Sub-Registrar (2025) reaffirmed that registration is merely …
ABSTRACT: The increasing number of stray dogs in India’s urban areas, especially in the Delhi-National Capital Region (NCR), has set off heated arguments on issues of public safety, animal welfare, and city government. This paper discusses the Supreme Court of India’s involvement in moulding urban animal control policy, with the case of stray dogs in …
Abstract The Uniform Civil Code (UCC) has been one of the most contested and debated reforms in Indian constitutional discourse. Rooted in Article 44 of the Directive Principles of State Policy, the idea of a uniform code governing marriage, divorce, succession, adoption, and inheritance across religious communities has historically faced both political and social resistance. …
Uttarakhand Uniform Civil Code, 2024: Constitutional, Social, and Legal Analysis Read More »
______________________________________________________________________________ Abstract: This paper critically evaluates the effectiveness of Lok Adalats in delivering justice to the underprivileged in India. Established under Article 39A of the Constitution and the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, Lok Adalats were designed to provide accessible, speedy, and cost-free dispute resolution. While they have resolved millions of cases and reduced judicial …
Abstract This research paper critically examines the legal and social challenges arising from setting the age of sexual consent at 18 years under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012. Drawing on case laws, empirical studies, and reports, the study highlights how consensual sexual relationships among adolescents aged 16–18 are frequently criminalized. …
REASSESSING THE AGE OF SEXUAL CONSENT IN INDIA: LEGAL AND SOCIAL CHALLENGES UNDER POCSO Read More »
1 First year B.A.LL.B student at Jamia Millia Islamia Abstract India’s approach to international military alliances has been shaped by its historical legacy, strategic autonomy, and evolving geopolitical dynamics. Since achieving independence, India has exhibited caution in entering formal military alliances, emphasizing non-alignment and flexibility in its foreign policy. This article examines India’s position on …
India’s Position on International Military Alliances Author: Arida Hassan1 Read More »
Abstract Custodial deaths defined as deaths occurring while a person is in the custody of the police or judiciary remain one of the most alarming and persistent human rights concerns in India. Such incidents not only erode faith in the justice system but also directly violate the constitutional guarantee of life and liberty under Article …
Custodial Deaths in India: A Human Rights Perspective Read More »
Abstract Resolving disputes between governments and providing advisory opinions on legal matters are the responsibilities assigned to the International Court of Justice, which was founded in 1945 as the main judicial body of the UN. This paper examines the ICJ’s function and efficacy in resolving international conflicts amicably. Although the Court’s groundbreaking rulings in Nicaragua …
Abstract Market manipulation is a bleak threat to trends in the integrity, transparency and efficiency of securities markets. Even in countries such as India, with a robust regulating legal framework of the sort of the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 (SEBI Act), the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 (SCRA) and the rules …
Abstract This paper examines the scope and limitations of the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 in addressing the case of design imitation, with reference to the Kolhapuri Chappals and the Prada Sandals Controversy. The Kolhapuri Chappals, a traditional handcrafted leather footwear from Kolhapur, Maharashtra, was granted a Geographical Indication (GI) tag …
Abstract Deepfake technology is powered by artificial intelligence and rapidly changing how we create images, videos, and audio. While it has possibilities for creativity and innovation, the malicious non-consensual use particularly in the form of non-consensual sexual imagery, has raised important concerns for privacy, dignity, and autonomy in India. Current legal frameworks in India, eg; …
Deepfakes, Consent, and the Law: Bridging India’s Legal Gaps in the Age of Generative AI Read More »
Abstract In the contemporary digital landscape, content creation has evolved into a significant profession, transcending traditional notions of entertainment and fame. This shift has made social media an integral part of everyday life, serving as a platform for income generation, information dissemination, and social awareness. As content creators wield substantial influence over audiences, they are …
LEGAL RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF CONTENT CREATORS Read More »
ABSTRACT This research paper explores the constitutional mandates and policy interventions that shape animal welfare in India. It analyzes the relevant constitutional provisions, including Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties, and examines key legislation such as the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960, and the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. The study highlights significant judicial pronouncements …
ANIMAL WELFARE IN INDIA: CONSTITUTIONAL MANDATES AND POLICY INTERVENTIONS Read More »
Abstract The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into state functions has revolutionized surveillance practices. However this is a cause of raising fundamental questions about digital privacy and constitutional rights. In India, the new Telecommunications Act, 2023[1] replaces the colonial-era Indian Telegraph Act, 1885, expanding the government’s regulatory and surveillance powers in the digital domain. It …
Abstract This research examines the human rights protections available to individuals affected by extreme rare diseases, defined as conditions affecting fewer than 1 in 500,000 people globally. Through a comprehensive analysis of international human rights frameworks, national legislation, and empirical evidence, this study identifies significant gaps in protection mechanisms for this vulnerable population. The research …
Human Rights Protections for Individuals with Extreme Rare Diseases Read More »
ABSTRACT This research paper’s major aim is to explore Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code (Now Section 85 of the Bhartiya Nyaya Sanhita), Originally designed as a shield for women facing dowry and harassment and domestic cruelty, however present scenario has lead to examine the correlation between Section’s implementation patterns with emerging male mortality …
The Paradox of Child Marriage Abstract The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, establishes that a valid marriage requires both capacity and consent. Yet, the continuing practice of child marriage in india exposes a deep paradox, while the law insists on free and informed consent, children are denied the ability to make such choices. This tension reflects …
Capacity and Consent in Marriage under Hindu law: Read More »
ABSTRACT The idea of corporate personhood has influenced company law for more than a century. It gives corporations a legal identity that is distinct from their shareholders. Traditionally recognized under Salomon v. Salomon & Co. Ltd. in English law and codified in India through the Companies Act, 2013, this principle enables corporations to own property, …
CORPORATE PERSONHOOD IN THE DIGITAL AGE: EXAMINING THE LEGAL STATUS OF VIRTUAL ENTITIES Read More »
The doctrine of ultra vires restricts a company to acts authorized by its Memorandum of Association, originally designed to protect shareholders and creditors. While effective in theory, its rigid application often hindered business flexibility, prejudiced third parties, and allowed management to exploit technicalities. Judicial decisions in England (Ashbury Railway Carriage, Great Eastern Railway) and India …
ABSTRACT Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming the financial services sector in India including credit underwriting, robo‑advisory, fraud detection, collections, and customer service. Even with the promises of efficiency, scale and increased financial inclusion, these technologies pose significant legal and regulatory risks. Foremost amongst these are issues of consumer protection, privacy, discrimination, algorithmic transparency, resilience …
FROM COURTROOM TO CODE: LEGAL CHALLENGES IN AI- DRIVEN FINANCIAL SERVICES IN INDIA Read More »
Conflict between Transparency & Privacy YOGITA KASHYAP BA.LLB (HONS.) STUDENT, MAHARAJA SURAJMAL INSTITUTE (MSI) ABSTRACT The convergence of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (DPDP Act), and the Right to Information Act, 2005 (RTI Act) represents a critical moment in India’s democratic and digital governance. At stake is the reconciliation of two essential principles: …
INTRODUCTION This present paper is proposing to create distinction between debt and equity in relation to financial instruments. The main purpose to create distinction between these two terms is to conceptually understand the rights, obligations, and duties of shareholders and to protect the interests of investors. The differentiation is conducted not only for a systematic …
ABSTRACTS This study explores how POCSO addresses adolescent relationships, particularly the legal treatment of consensual interactions and international child protection laws, emphasizing the criminalization of consensual relationships. It also clarifies adolescent psychological and developmental concerns, and analyzes the application of POCSO by courts in consensual adolescent relationships. The study also compares international approaches and highlights …
Adolescent Relationships under the POCSO ACT- Between Protection and Criminalization Read More »
Abstract With increasing industry sector, the IP field is growing in a faster pace due to technological advancements. This paper highly focuses on how Intellectual Property Law includes the protection of non-traditional subject matter under various IP regimes such as Trade Marks, Copyright, Patent and Designs. It highlights the olfactory marks under Trademark Act in …
Protection Of ‘Smells and Scents’ Under Intellectual Property Law. Read More »
ABSTRACT In India, Food Adulteration is a critical and chronic public health problem that threatens the safety and security of consumers and the consumer trust in governmental organizations. The effective functioning of the legal system continues to be constrained by problems regarding implementation, incompetent administrative process, and prolonged proceedings in courts, despite the presence of …
‘Food Adulteration and Public Health: Legal Remedies and Limitations under Indian Law’ Read More »
All civil governments hold a criminal justice system to maintain the values of their civilized society. The role of the police is decisive because the policeman is the first to arrive at the scene of the crime. Police, first and foremost, work extensively to maintain discipline and prevent crime, make preventive arrests, conduct investigations, and …
Police Caters a Crucial Factor in An Effective Indian Criminal Justice Mechanism Read More »
1. ABSTRACT: The creation of Business Responsibility reporting standards and a review of the current level of ESG disclosure by Indian firms are the main topics of this research, which looks at the evolution of ESG compliance in India. ESG considerations are becoming essential for long-term business value beyond financial measurements, driven by rising investor …
Environmental, Social & Governance (ESG) Compliance: A Legal and Corporate Perspective Read More »
Abstract With increasing industry sector, the IP field is growing in a faster pace due to technological advancements. This paper highly focuses on how Intellectual Property Law includes the protection of non-traditional subject matter under various IP regimes such as Trade Marks, Copyright, Patent and Designs. It highlights the olfactory marks under Trademark Act in …
Protection Of ‘Smells and Scents’ Under Intellectual Property Law. Read More »
ABSTRACT In the last ten years, Indian courts have started recognizing parts of nature—like rivers, forests, animals, and even “Mother Nature”—as legal persons. This means they are given rights and responsibilities like a human or a company. This paper looks at the idea of giving nature legal rights. It studies important court decisions, laws, and …
TITLE:- Environmental Personhood in India: Can Forests or Rivers Hold Legal Rights? Read More »
ABSTRACT The Indian legal framework dealing with recognition and registration of well-known trademarks is of great importance and needs to be strictly applied for brand protection, especially at present when the world has shifted to digital era. In India, the trademark registration is governed by the Trade Marks Act, 1999[1] and the Trade Marks Rules, …
Abstract India’s legal system, though rooted in constitutional ideals, still carries strong patriarchal (male-dominated) biases. This paper explores how these gendered norms—woven through caste, class, religion, and law—show up in criminal and family laws, court procedures, and judicial decisions. We look at key areas like rape laws, the marital rape exception, adultery, inheritance, domestic violence, …
A License to Abuse? Unpacking Patriarchy’s Grip on India’s Justice System Read More »